Return a sequence of bytes delimited by a specified byte sequence made up of one or more bytes.
The format for the $ZPIECE function is:
$ZPI[ECE](expr1,expr2[,intexpr1[,intexpr2]])
The first expression specifies the sequence of octets from which $ZPIECE() takes its result.
The second expression specifies the delimiting byte sequence that determines the piece "boundaries"; if this argument is a null string, $ZPIECE() returns a null string.
If the second expression does not appear anywhere in the first expression, $ZPIECE() returns the entire first expression (unless forced to return null by the second integer expression).
The optional first integer expression (third argument) specifies the beginning piece to return; if this argument is missing, $ZPIECE() returns the first piece.
The optional second integer expression (fourth argument) specifies the last piece to return. If this argument is missing, $ZPIECE() returns only one piece unless the first integer expression is zero (0) or negative, in which case it returns a null string. If this argument is less than the first integer expression, $ZPIECE() returns null.
If the second integer expression exceeds the actual number of pieces in the first expression, $ZPIECE() returns all of the expression after the delimiter selected by the first integer expression.
The $ZPIECE() result never includes the "outside" delimiters; however, when the second integer argument specifies multiple pieces, the result contains the "inside" occurrences of the delimiter.
$ZPIECE() provides a tool for efficiently using values that contain multiple elements or fields, each of which may be variable in length.
Applications typically use a single byte for a $ZPIECE() delimiter (second argument) to minimize storage overhead, and increase efficiency at run-time. The delimiter must be chosen so the data values never contain the delimiter. Failure to enforce this convention with edit checks may result in unanticipated changes in the position of pieces within the data value. The caret symbol (^), backward slash (\), and asterisk (*) characters are examples of popular visible delimiters. Multiple byte delimiters may reduce the likelihood of conflict with field contents. However, they decrease storage efficiency, and are processed with less efficiency than single byte delimiters. Some applications use control characters, which reduce the chances of the delimiter appearing in the data but sacrifice the readability provided by visible delimiters.
A SET command argument can have something that has the format of a $ZPIECE() on the left-hand side of its equal sign (=). This construct permits easy maintenance of individual pieces within a sequence of octets. It also can be used to generate a byte sequence of delimiters. For more information on SET $ZPIECE(), refer to SET in the "Commands" chapter.
Example:
GTM>for i=0:1:3 write !,$zpiece("主"_$zchar(64)_"要",$zchar(64),i),"|"
|
主|
要|
|
GTM>
This loop displays the result of $ZPIECE(), specifying $ZCHAR(64) as a delimiter, a piece position "before," first and second, and "after" the sequence of octets.
Example:
GTM>for i=-1:1:3 write !,$zpiece("主"_$zchar(64)_"要",$zchar(64),i,i+1),"|"
|
主|
主@要|
要|
|
GTM>
This example is similar to the previous example except that it displays two pieces on each iteration. Notice the delimiter () in the middle of the output for the third iteration, which displays both pieces.
Example:
For p=1:1:$ZLength(x,"/") Write ?p-1*10,$ZPIece(x,"/",p)
This loop uses $ZLENGTH() and $ZPIECE() to display all the pieces of x in columnar format.
Example:
GTM>Set $piece(x,$zchar(64),25)="" write x @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
This SETs the 25th piece of the variable x to null, with delimiter $ZCHAR(64). This produces a byte sequence of 24 at-signs (@) preceding the null.