GT.M Administration and Operations Guide

Legal Notice

November 23, 2023

Revision History
Revision V7.1-003 23 November 2023

Updated the following chapters for V7.1-003:

Revision V7.1-002 19 September 2023

Updated the following chapters for V7.1-002:

Revision V7.1-001 26 June 2023

Updated the following chapters for V7.1-001:

Revision V7.1-000 04 April 2023

Updated the following chapters for V7.1-000:

Revision V7.0-005 02 December 2022

Updated the following chapters for V7.0-005:

Revision V7.0-004 20 September 2022

Updated the following chapters for V7.0-004:

Revision V7.0-003 24 June 2022

Updated the following chapters for V7.0-003:

Revision V7.0-002 29 March 2022

Updated the following chapters for V7.0-002:

Revision V7.0-001 24 November 2021

Updated the following chapters for V7.0-001:

Revision V7.0-000 12 February 2021

Updated the following chapters for V7.0-000:

Revision V6.3-014 06 October 2020

Updated the following chapters for V6.3-014:

Revision V6.3-013 30 June 2020

Updated the following chapters for V6.3-013:

Revision V6.3-012 08 April 2020

Updated the following chapters for V6.3-012:

Revision V6.3-011 20 December 2019

Updated the following chapters for V6.3-011:

Revision V6.3-010 31 October 2019

Updated the following chapters for V6.3-010:

Revision V6.3-009 27 June 2019

Updated the following chapters for V6.3-009:

Revision V6.3-008 24 April 2019

Updated the following chapters for V6.3-008:

Revision V6.3-007 04 February 2019

Updated the following chapters for V6.3-007:

Revision V6.3-006 26 October 2018

Updated the following chapters for V6.3-006:

Revision V6.3-005 03 July 2018

Updated the following chapters for V6.3-005:

Revision V6.3-004 23 March 2018

Updated the following chapters for V6.3-004:

Revision V6.3-003 12 December 2017

Updated the following chapters for V6.3-003:

Revision V6.3-002 22 August 2017

Updated the following chapters for V6.3-002:

Revision V6.3-001 20 March 2017

Updated the following chapters for V6.3-001:

Revision V6.2-001 27 February 2015
Revision V6.1-000/1 04 September 2014
Revision V6.1-000 01 August 2014
Revision V6.0-003/1 19 February 2014
Revision V6.0-003 27 January 2014
Revision V6.0-001/2 10 April 2013
Revision V6.0-001/1 22 March 2013
Revision V6.0-001 27 February 2013
Revision V6.0-000/1 21 November 2012
Revision V6.0-000 19 October 2012

Table of Contents

About This Manual
Intended Audience
Purpose of the Manual
How to Use This Manual
Overview
Conventions Used in This Manual
1. About GT.M
Hardware/Operating System Environment
Installation
Security
Program Development Environment
Database Subsystem
GT.M Utility Programs
GDE
MUPIP
LKE
DSE
Command Qualifiers
Database Integrity
Interprocess Communication
2. Installing GT.M
Obtaining GT.M Distribution Media
Before you begin
Installation Procedure
Compiling the Reference Implementation Plugin
gtminstall script
3. Basic Operations
GT.M Environment Setup
gtmprofile
gtmcshrc
gtmbase
gdedefaults
gtm
Environment Variables
Configuring and operating GT.M with Unicode® support (optional)
M mode and UTF-8 mode
Compiling ICU
Starting GT.M
Configuring huge pages for GT.M x86[-64] on Linux
Using huge pages
Configuring the Restriction facility
ZSYSTEM and PIPE OPEN command restriction facility
Audit Logging facility
4. Global Directory Editor
Global Directory
GDE Overview
Identifying the Current Global Directory
Creating a Default Global Directory
Mapping Global Variables in a Global Directory
Examining the Default Global Directory
Global Directory Abbreviations
Customizing a Global Directory
Using GDE
Guidelines for Mapping
Global Director Editor Commands
Specifying File Names in Command Lines
Font/Capitalization Conventions Used in this Chapter
@
Add
Change
Delete
Exit
Help
LOCks
LOG
Quit
Rename
SEtgd
SHow
Template
Verify
Name, Region, and Segment Qualifiers
Name Qualifiers
Region Qualifiers
Segment Qualifiers
Gblname Qualifiers
Instance Qualifier
GDE Command Summary
GDE Command Qualifier Summary
5. General Database Management
Introduction
Operations - Standalone and Concurrent Access
MUPIP
Commands and Qualifiers
BACKUP
CREATE
DOWNGRADE
DUMPFHEAD
ENDIANCVT
EXIT
EXTEND
EXTRACT
FREEZE
FTOK
HASH
INTEG
INTRPT
JOURNAL
LOAD
RCTLDUMP
REORG
REPLICATE
RESTORE
RUNDOWN
SEMAPHORE
SET
SIZE
STOP
TRIGGER
UPGRADE
MUPIP Command Summary
6. GT.M Journaling
Introduction
Journal Files
Recovery from a Journal File
rolled_bak* files
Journal Files Access Authorization
Triggers in Journal Files
BEFORE_IMAGE Journaling
NOBEFORE_IMAGE Journaling
Choosing between BEFORE_IMAGE and NOBEFORE_IMAGE
Broken Transaction File
Lost Transaction File
Epoch
Journaling Benefits
Backup Journal Files
Select database files for Journaling
Fencing Transactions
Deciding Whether to Use Fencing
VIEW Keywords
$VIEW() Keywords
SET
SET Object Identifying Qualifiers
SET Action Qualifiers
Examples for MUPIP SET
JOURNAL
Journal Action Qualifiers
Journal Direction Qualifiers
Journal Time Qualifiers
Journal Sequence Number Qualifiers
Journal Control Qualifiers
Journal Selection Qualifiers
Journal Extract Formats
7. Database Replication
Introduction
LMS Group
Database Transaction Number
Journal Sequence Number
Stream Sequence Number
Instance Bound Global Directories
Examples
Limitations - SI Replication
Replication Architecture
Implementing Replication and Recovery
Application Architecture
System Requirements
Switchover
Instance Freeze
TLS/SSL Replication
Network Link between Systems
Choosing between BEFORE_IMAGE and NOBEFORE_IMAGE journaling
Database Repair
Procedures
Download Replication Examples
Setting up an A→B replication configuration with empty databases
Setting up an A→B→C replication configuration with empty databases
Setting up an A→P replication configuration with empty databases
Replicating Instance Starts from Backup of Originating Instance (A→B and A→P )
Switchover possibilities in an A→B replication configuration
Switchover possibilities in a B←A→P replication configuration
Switchover possibilities in a B←A→P→Q replication configuration
Changing the global directory in an A→B replication configuration
Rolling Software Upgrade
Shutting down an instance
Creating a new Replication Instance File
Setting up a secured TLS replication connection
Schema Change Filters
Recovering from the replication WAS_ON state
Rollback data from crashed (idle) regions
Setting up a new replicating instance of an originating instance (A→B, P→Q, or A→P)
Replacing the replication instance file of a replicating instance (A→B and P→Q)
Replacing the replication instance file of a replicating instance (A→P)
Setting up a new replicating instance from a backup of the originating instance (A→P)
Setting up an A→P configuration for the first time if P is an existing instance (having its own set of updates)
Commands and Qualifiers
Turning Replication On/Off
Creating the Replication Instance File
Displaying/Changing the attributes of Replication Instance File and Journal Pool
Starting the Source Server
Shutting down the Source Server
Activating a Passive Source Server
Deactivating an Active Source Server
Stopping the Source Filter
Stopping the Receiver Filter
Freezing an Instance
Checking Server Health
Changing the Log File
Enabling/Disabling Detailed Logging
Reporting the Current Backlog of Journal Records
Processing Lost Transactions File
Starting the Receiver Server
Starting the Update Process
Stopping the Receiver Server and/or the Update Process
Checking Server Health
Changing the Log File
Enabling/Disabling Detailed Logging
Reporting the Current Backlog of Journal Records
Rolling Back a Replicated Database
8. M Lock Utility (LKE)
Introduction
To Invoke and Exit LKE
To establish a Global Directory
LKE Commands and Qualifiers
Clear
CLNup
SHow
Exit
Help
SPawn
Summary
LKE Exercises
Exercise 1: Preventing concurrent updates using M Locks
Exercise 2: Rectifying a deadlock situation
9. GT.M Database Structure(GDS)
Database File Organization with GDS
Database File Header
File Header Data Elements
Local Bitmaps
Master Bitmap
Database Structure
Tree Organization
GDS Blocks
GDS Records
GDS Keys
Compression Count
Use of Keys
Characteristics of Keys
Global Variable Names
String Subscripts
Numeric Subscripts
10. Database Structure Editor
Operating in DSE
DSE Commands and Qualifiers
ADD
ALL
Buffer_flush
CHange
CAche
CLose
CRitical
Dump
EValuate
EXit
Find
Help
Integrit
Maps
OPen
OVerwrite
Page
RAnge
REMove
REStore
SAve
SHift
SPawn
Wcinit
DSE Command Summary
11. Maintaining Database Integrity
Verifying Database Integrity
Regularly Scheduled Verification
Before or After Major Transfers
Immediately after Catastrophic Events
Immediately after Run-Time Database Errors
Immediately After Database Repairs
Approaches to Database Recovery
Recover from Journals
Restore from Backup
Repair with DSE
Preventive Maintenance
Repairing the Database with DSE
Using the Proper Database File
Locating Structures with DSE
Safety in Repairs
Discarding Data
Concurrent Repairs
Terminating Processes
Recovering data from damaged binary extracts
Finding and Fixing Database Errors
C1–Possible Cache Control Problems
H1–Process Hangs
H3–Database Access Problems
H4–Database Cache Problems
H5–Critical Section Problems
H6–UNIX Problems
H7–Disk Hardware Problems
H8–Application Problems
I1–MUPIP INTEG Errors
MUPIP INTEG Error Classification Table
I2–GT.M Version Mismatch
I3–File Header Errors
I4–File Size Errors
I5–More Database Access Problems
I6–Transient Errors
I7–Database Rundown Problem
I8–Repair-Induced Problems
K1–Bad Key
K2–Keys Misplaced
K3–Block Doubly Allocated
K4–Pointer Problems
K5–Star Key Problems
K6–Compression Count Error
K7–Key Warning
M1–Bitmap Errors
M2–Bitmap Header Problems
O1–Bad Block
O2–Record Errors
O3–Data Block Errors
O4–Salvage of Data Blocks with Lost Indices
O5–Salvage of a damaged spanning node
O6–Block Size Errors
P1–Process Damage
Q1–Restricting Database Access
R1–GT.M Run-Time Errors
R2–Structural Database Integrity Errors
Run-Time Database Restart Codes
R3–Run-time Database Cache Problems
R4–Stopped Processes
R5–No More Room in the File
R6–GTMASSERT and GTMCHECK Errors
R7–Interlocked Queue Hardware Problems
R8–Database Tree Maximum Level Exceeded
R9–Read-only Process Blocked
12. Database Encryption
Introduction
Overview
Disclaimer
Limitations of GT.M Database Encryption
Alternatives to Database Encryption
Device IO
GT.CM
FIPS Mode
Theory of Operation
Definition of Terms
Overview
Examples of use
Key Management
Tested Reference Implementations
Special note - GNU Privacy Guard and Agents
Using the reference implementation's custom pinentry program
Installation
Administration and Operation of Encrypted Databases
Utility Programs
Changing the Encryption Keys
Encrypted Database Creation
Plugin Architecture & Interface
Packaging
Extensions to the GT.M External Interface
Operation
Using the Reference Implementation with Older Releases
13. GT.CM Client/Server
Introduction
Overview
GT.CM Server
GT.CM Client
GT.CM Server Startup and Shutdown
Types of Operations
Error Messages
Examples
A. GT.M's IPC Resource Usage
Examining GT.M's IPC Resources
gmtsecshr
B. Monitoring GT.M
Monitoring GT.M Messages
Managing core dumps
C. Building Encryption Libraries
Building Encryption Libraries
Debian, Ubuntu, RedHat and Fedora
IBM AIX 7.1 (pSeries)
D. GT.M Security Philosophy
Philosophy
Normal User and Group Id Rule
Recommendations
gtmsecshr commands
Shared Resource Authorization Permissions
E. GTMPCAT - GT.M Process/Core Analysis Tool
Overview
Usage
Interactive Mode
F. Packaging GT.M Applications
Setting up a Captive User Application with GT.M
Sample .profile
Invoking GT.M through a C main() program
Defensive Practices
Other
G. Creating a $gtmcrypt_config file
Why do we need a $gtmcrypt_config file?
OpenSSL Options
Generating demo TLS certificates
Creating a demo CA (Certification Authority)
Creating and signing demo leaf-level certificates
Example: Creating demo certificates
H. V6 to V7 DB Upgrade
Database Upgrade Matrix